Electronic connectors join circuits together. They come in a wide range of shapes and sizes, from standard formats such as USB to custom products designed for a specific application. Demands on connectors depend on the dimensions and the end-use cases. Connectors may be single insertion—connected once during product assembly and remaining in place for the lifetime of the product—or multi-insertion, where they must maintain electrical conductivity during many insertions.

Automotive applications are driving the greatest need for new connector designs and materials. Connectors must operate in harsh environments, exposed to high temperature and corrosive chemicals. The automotive industry requires both single insertion and multi-insertion connectors and is migrating toward solderless press-fit connections.

Surface finishes play a critical role in connector reliability. Gold is an excellent coating material for connectors because of its high electrical conductivity and resistance to corrosion, but high cost is a drawback.